Book of Abstracts. XLII International School of Hydraulics: FRESHWATER SYSTEM HEALTH: A HYDRAULIC PERSPECTIVE. Radocza, Poland, 20–23 May 2025

Abstract:

The 42nd International School of Hydraulics, titled “Freshwater System Health: A Hydraulic Perspective”, held on May 20–23, 2025, in Radocza near Kraków, continued a series of events focused on broadly understood hydraulics. The conference covered the fundamentals of hydraulics in the context of understanding and managing the health of rivers, lakes, and other aquatic ecosystems. It highlighted new and challenging topics in both applied and basic research. ISH2025 aimed to foster a fruitful exchange of knowledge, ideas, and experiences in various fields of hydro-environment research. It also served as a platform for intellectual growth, collaboration, and innovation, helping to build new connections and strengthen existing ones. ISH2025 sought not only to provide answers and explore new ideas, but also to offer a global forum for scholars, decision-makers, and enterprises sharing a common interest in the field.

Abstract:

The present study takes advantage of Google Earth Engine and the JRC Yearly Water Classification History dataset to depict temporal changes in permanent water conditions (i.e., river channel always covered by water) along the reach of the Vistula River from Dęblin to Włocławek.

Abstract:

This conference paper describes numerical simulations of water flow in the Vistula Lagoon using the HEC-RAS 2D (version 6.6) hydrodynamic model. The model was validated by comparing its results with previous simulations and field measurements conducted by the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW-PIB). Preliminary findings on the impact of climate change are also discussed, highlighting how an increase in wind speed over the lagoon may elevate water levels in the Żuławy Elbląskie region and subsequently heighten flood hazard from the Vistula Lagoon waters.

Abstract:

Soil erosion is causing major concerns across the world, as the loss of soil jeopardises not only environmental sustainability, but also land productivity, eventually leading to reduced resources for populations that heavily rely on land. However, how runoff drives soil erosion and the impact of different land coverages on this is not yet well understood, also because of the lack of data acquired in controlled conditions. To fill this gap, experiments were performed in the Yan Gou runoff observation site (China) by controlling runoff volume, sediment transport, soil loss, and soil water content in five square plots, each with an area of 100 m², covered by different vegetation and having different topography. The results presented here focus only on plots covered by citrus but have different slopes, to decouple the effects of vegetation coverage and soil topography. Assuming a constant hydrological forcing (i.e., fixed precipitation), it was observed that plots with down-slop ridge drive a larger runoff, as expected, which implies that more sediments are mobilized causing higher soil loss. At the same time, this loss of soil influences the content of water differently, which changes more significantly in the horizontal plot than in the inclined one. Comparing all plots, it was noticed that standard terraces are the most effective method to conserve soil, reducing the runoff and keeping the content of water more constant over time.

Abstract:

The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, driven by climate change, poses significant challenges to hydraulic structures such as earth dams. These structures are increasingly exposed to sudden inflows of large water volumes, which can exceed their discharge capacities. When overtopping occurs, the resulting erosion of the earth dam can lead to catastrophic releases of retained water, endangering downstream areas. In Poland, two such disasters have taken place in recent years: in 2010 in Niedów and in 2024 in Stronie Śląskie. These events emphasize the critical need for advanced computational tools to model erosion processes and enhance the safety of areas located downstream. This study presents the application of a one-dimensional numerical model based on the physics of erosion phenomena. The simulation results were validated through experimental studies conducted at Wrocław University of Science and Technology, where physical models of earth embankment erosion were tested. The comparative analysis demonstrates the robustness of numerical approaches in a predicting erosion dynamics. The findings underscore the vital role of integrating numerical simulations and laboratory experiments to improve the predictive capabilities of dam safety assessments in the context of a changing climate.

Abstract:

Spatial distribution of riparian vegetation is a critical factor altering flow hydrodynamics and transport processes in rivers. Distribution of riparian vegetation in the form of distinct patches is typical for riverbanks and floodplains, but scarcely investigated from the viewpoint of its hydraulic impacts. The present study aims to investigate reconfiguration of the riparian vegetation patches in relation to the mean flow conditions.  Experiments were conducted over a range of mean flow velocities (0.1 to 0.6 m/s) and under low relative submergences (h/h_d ≈ 1 and 2). The results showed a substantial increase in the patch reconfiguration and flow resistance with the increase in velocities. The extent of these phenomena depends on the patch density and shape.

Abstract:

Resistance to flow governs flow and sediment transport capacities in rivers and streams and is a critical factor in hydraulic and environmental engineering applications, including projects dealing with flood management, stream restoration and re-naturalization, establishment of environmental flows to sustain aquatic ecosystems, and mitigation of climate change. Flow resistance arises from factors such as bed granular roughness, bed forms, and channel bends.

Abstract:

Thermal powerplants for energy production often pump water from a colder source (e.g. river or lake) into their refrigeration circuit to later release it in a form of a jet or plume into the aquatic environment. Since the released water is at a higher temperature than the surrounding environment, it will contribute to its warming, thus potentially causing environmental damage like the increase of algae and eutrophication.

Abstract:

In this contribution, two 3D numerical models are tested using laboratory records to properly calibrate and validate these models. 1D numerical techniques are also used for this purpose. Mesh sensitivity analyses, different roughness coefficients, and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) records were applied to increase the reliability of the 3D model results. Thanks to these analyses, the output of the models can be used for design purposes to properly assign the geometry of leaky barriers in real world cases to enhance flood resilience above all in urban areas.

Abstract:

Hydropower plants restrict or completely block fish downstream migrations, which play a critical role throughout their life cycles. Recent experimental and field studies indicate that there is a need for efficient finer bar rack screens to protect multiple fish species, including the small-bodied ones, at water intakes with minimum head loss.

Abstract:

In this contribution, the authors developed a hydrological model based on the SCS-CN curve methodology and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to estimate flood hydrographs in the upper parts of the Biała Lądecka River basin.

Abstract:

Many studies on the hydrodynamics and mixing processes due to vegetation have significantly simplified the physical characteristics of plants by representing the stem distribution, e.g. for reeds, as an array of cylinders. These studies often use single diameter cylinders, placed in regular arrays, producing unrealistic preferential flow paths. New solute tracing studies (Machibya 2024) were performed using realistic plant forms, with leaves, stems and branches. Experiments were conducted in a 12.5 m long, 300 mm wide flume and longitudinal dispersion coefficients (Dx) were determined over a range of discharges. The results confirm the linear relationship between Dx and the mean velocity, u observed in cylinder arrays. The longitudinal dispersion coefficients for the realistic plant forms were found to be an order of magnitude greater than those from studies conducted using cylinders. This illustrates and quantifies the effect of plant structure on solute mixing processes.

Abstract:

In Leonardo Da Vinci’s body of work, its genius is also expressed in his water flows drawings. In Da Vinci drawings, different fluid flow phenomena were illustrated e.g.: the impinging jet and the flow around obstacles. Aiming at obtaining more quantitative infor-mation about the drawings of Da Vinci an experimental setup was built at the Institute of Hydro-Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences to reproduce the impinging jet in a basin and measure it with modern measurement techniques such as imaging techniques with high-speed cameras.

Abstract:

Observing the actual behaviour of floating plastic litter in the presence of vegetation in natural conditions should provide unique insights into the details of flow-biota-plastic interactions, needed for evaluating conceptual and numerical models. Therefore, a comprehensive approach to investigating the river plastic transport processes must include a description of various physical aspects. To address this, we propose a methodology encompassing in-situ measurements in a vegetated channel coupled with physical experiments in a controlled, full-scale laboratory channel. Both approaches will be used to prepare a numerical model and evaluate simulations of plastic transport.

Abstract:

River restoration and pro-ecological design are essential in modern hydrotechnical projects, yet guidelines for the design of sinuous channels with erodible beds under blockage conditions remain lacking. This study investigates the effects of blockages – caused by ice, debris or litter – on sediment transport and river bed morphology. Experiments were conducted in a 2 m wide, 60 m long meandering channel with a sediment recirculation system. Velocity was measured using ADV and PTV and bathymetric data was collected using a FARO 3D scanner. The results show how blockages disrupt flow, increase turbulence, and intensify sediment transport, providing critical insights for designing resilient, ecologically functional river channels.

Abstract:

The upper catchment of the Tuul River basin (TRB) is the most stressed watershed, containing over half of Mongolia’s total population, accounting for more than 60% of the country’s GDP. Although the upper catchment of the TRB is protected, recent changes in land use and climate change have had a significant impact on it, resulting in increased land degradation. This has had a negative impact on the river’s ecological health and creates challenges for sustainable water management.

Abstract:

This study, conducted in the framework of the Future Lab Water project funded by the Federal State of Lower Saxony, Germany, explores the potential of satellite imagery in hydraulic research, focusing on floodplain vegetation roughness. A Machine Learning (ML) framework will be developed to derive accurate estimates of vegetation parameters, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI) and vegetation height, from Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ICESat-2 via high resolution Sentinel data. These parameters will be used to calculate vegetation roughness maps through formulas developed for flexible, foliated vegetation, enhancing the accuracy of flood modeling with openly accessible satellite data.

Abstract:

As part of the work on the Technical and Economic Analysis of the Construction of a Small Hydropower Plant in Bolesławiec, commissioned by Przedsiębiorstwo Wodociągów i Kanalizacji Sp. z o.o. Bolesławiec, a hydrodynamic model of a section of the Bóbr River was developed (Kostecki et al. 2024). This abstract highlights the key information of the research, which involved 2D modeling using HEC-RAS software to analyze flood propagation during the September 2024 flood event on the River Bóbr in Bolesławiec, Poland. The modeling results are compared with real-world conditions recorded during that period.

Abstract:

There are increasing needs to bring more of the lost riparian ecosystem functions back to human-impacted streams. Nature-based solutions (NbS), such as vegetated floodplains, aim at improving the state of the ecosystem while addressing the water management needs of the society. However, there are substantial knowledge gaps on how to efficiently implement and up-scale NbS considering e.g. the complex societal boundary conditions and the multi-faceted impacts of vegetation on the physico-chemico-biological environment.

Abstract:

Exopolymers dispersed in water create mucus-rich environments that can modify sedimentation dynamics when secreted in excess by microorganisms. Here we use PIV measurements combined with shear and extensional rheology to demonstrate non-Newtonian effects of mucus-rich water including extended flow, negative wake, and aggregation of solid spheres in test solutions. The methodology designed in this study allows the future development of analogue experiments to model the sinking dynamics of microplastic pollutants and mineral grains and organic aggregates in algal bloom-afflicted regions or wastewater treatment plants.

Abstract:

The present study investigates the stationarity of annual peak flow data from 140 gauging stations in Poland. The primary criterion for selecting these stations was the availability of continuous 70-year peak flow records. The modified Mann–Kendall test is employed to identify the trend in the data series.

Abstract:

Dams and Reservoirs (D&R) are vulnerable to climate hazards; thus, they need to be adapted to climate change. In this adaptation procedure D&R systems are broken into components, the impacts of the climate hazards on each component are determined, the vulnerable components whose risks are high are identified, and adaptation measures are proposed to reduce these risks. One of the most important components of D&R systems is the environmental flow (E-FLOW). In the literature, there exist more than 200 methods for assessing E-FLOW that can be categorized as hydrological, hydrodynamic habitat modelling (HHM), and holistic methods combining the first two methods. In this work the HHM method is presented using indicative examples and the effects of climate change on E-FLOW are briefly discussed.

Abstract:

The paper deals with the study of the influence of vegetation (Sparganiaceae, Batrachium, Ceratophyllaceae, Elodea Michx.) on the hydraulic conditions of water flow in a lowland river. The paper presents the results of measuring the spatial distribution of water table and water velocity in the Nida River. The studied section of the Nida is regulated, with a straight course however, the influence of regulation disappears. Banks and bed of the river are partially overgrown in summer seasons. Rigid vegetation grows on the banks of the Nida, but also covers the bottom with tufts of soft vegetation.
     Measurements were taken in the summer period during low discharge in Nida (9.15 m³ s^–1). Analyses of distribution in hydraulic parameters; water velocities in stream lines or in verticals and the depth variation as a preliminary analysis were presented.

Abstract:

The dynamics of hydropeaks significantly deviates from the same processes in nature by the short time and the number of events. These hydropeaks do not exceed the range of natural floods however, their frequency impacts environment negatively. This creates entirely new conditions for the riverbed morphology. Banks nearly vertical mainly above 6 m height. Narrow river channel regularly less than 40 m wide. More frequent elevated flows lead to stronger erosion, changes in the riverbed structure, and negative impacts on the river’s environment. During a flood, animals seek shelter and when the flow decreases they return to the main channel of the river. This process leads to biological losses of fish, larvae, and eggs and applies to all species inhabiting the river. Every high enough water event is therefore a natural risk. Increasing the frequency of the event increases the likelihood of losses. A series of such events were observed and analysed by numerical modelling. We were able to establish an unprecedented frequency and short event time of the phenomenon as compare to the natural conditions. During the disappearance of the flow, as well in river as in model we found variable, rapidly, repeatedly changing and misleading directions of the water outflow. The human-induced narrow eroded channel structure proved to be more susceptible to dynamic changes escalating the negative process and has demonstrated by examples of fish population losses.

Abstract:

Tracer experiments are a well-established technique for investigating mixing processes in rivers. A critical aspect of these experiments is ensuring the use of an appropriate amount of fluorescent tracer so that its concentration can be accurately measured with the available equipment. However, determining the optimal amount of tracer beforehand is often challenging. Furthermore, tracer concentrations can vary significantly during mixing processes, making accurate measurements at cross-sections near the injection point, as well as at more distant river cross-sections, particularly difficult. To overcome these challenges, a method was developed to retrieve valuable data when tracer concentrations exceed the measurement capabilities of the equipment. This approach utilizes the optical properties of the tracer solution in the presence of scattering particles within the fluid. By combining turbidity and fluorescence intensity readings, the method enables calibration of the turbidity–concentration relationship. This allows for the determination of tracer concentrations even when the fluorescence intensity–concentration relationship exceeds the linear regime.

Abstract:

Riverine litter poses a significant environmental challenge, with plastics being particularly problematic due to their persistence, potential to degrade into microplastics, and ability to act as vectors for pathogens, facilitating the spread of harmful bacteria in river ecosystems. This study investigated the types of litter deposited in a mountain gravel-bed river, the pathogens colonising these materials, and the influence of riverbed morphology and flow conditions on macroplastic transport and deposition. This research employed field mapping, tracer experiments with PET bottles, and microbiological analysis, and utilised probabilistic methods to describe bottle transport and deposition. Field mapping revealed that plastics were the most frequently deposited materials in the riverbed (up to 86%), with plastic foils comprising about 50% of all plastic materials. Microbiological analysis showed that the litter biofilm was colonised by fecal indicator bacteria and pathogenic bacteria. Tracer experiments indicated that PET bottle deposition was strongly influenced by discharge, river depth, and channel morphology, varying across different river sections. As flow rates decreased, the probability of bottle passage diminished, while the cumulative hazard of retention increased.

Abstract:

Application of an autonomous flushing system for retention tanks using sluice gate systems that enable automated release of the stored energy of the water column in the impoundment chamber to achieve highly effective flushing of sedimentary contaminants accumulated in the tank during operation. The system operates automatically through sluice gate arrangements equipped with pneumatic drives and liquid level sensors, allowing precise control of the process. Compared to traditional methods (tilting gates, ejectors, pumps), the proposed system is characterized by low energy consumption, approximately 0.05 kWh per flushing cycle, and a simple configuration consisting of channel sluice gates and their drives, which reduces the risk of failure and simplifies routine maintenance of the tank. Additionally, the proposed solution is cost-effective in operation, with readily available spare parts on the domestic market. The flushing system consisted of valves installed on the front wall of the water damming tank. The facilities, including the installation, were verified by conducting tests to determine the hydraulic and technological conditions (sediment leaching efficiency) during the tank flushing process.

Abstract:

Zapadliska Lake is situated approximately 1 km from the Zegrze Reservoir, near the confluence of the Narew and Rządza rivers. The terrain where it is located is the Holocene overflood terrace and Vistulian glaciation dune terrace. The pleistocene dune terrace at the contact with the Holocene terrace was dissected forming elongated valleys filled with the organic material.

Abstract:

Beavers are responsible for creating temporary water reservoirs, that significantly impact the environment and local river hydrology. This study focused on the possibility of determining the impact of beaver (Castor spp.) dams as a method to support water retention in the environment. Studies carried out on three small lowland streams in central Poland revealed that beaver dams, even in modified riverbeds, aid the creation of shallow floodplains and ponds by improving instream retention. Innovative analyses considered the construction materials of the dams and their impact on river hydromorphology and sediment transport. The results highlight the importance of beavers in water retention processes, stabilisation of water levels during low flows and protection of biodiversity. The study demonstrated that beaver dams locally, these structures influence hydrology, improve ground moisture, extend water retention times and create habitats for many new species improving biodiversity. The collected data highlights the potential of beaver dams as a tool to help manage water resources in the context of climate change. Further research may provide guidance for the sustainable utilisation of beavers in conservation strategies and landscape planning.

Abstract:

Air-entraining vortices at intake structures pose significant challenges to the operation of water intake systems, leading to efficiency losses and potential damage to hydraulic equipment. This study focuses on predicting critical submergence depth, S_c, the vertical distance required to prevent air-entrainment vortices, for horizontal intakes under symmetrical approach flow conditions.

Abstract:

An overview of the recently financed Water4All Joint Transnational Call 2023 project “Ecosystem services to enhance the resilience of coastal regions and communities to flood risks in a catchment to sea perspective (EcoC2S)” is given, highlighting innovative points, and challenges that the involved parties aim to address in the next years. EcoC2S is a joint initiative of six partners, specifically the University of Granada and the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), the Marche Polytechnic University (Italy), the Lusófona University (Portugal), the Institute of Geophysics PAS (Poland), and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany).

Abstract:

Reservoirs created by damming rivers significantly modify the abiotic and biotic elements of the environment. One of the problems is the storage of nutrients and organic matter in reservoirs, resulting in the lowering of water quality due to eutrophication.

Abstract:

This study describes the AltHydro system, which is the first approach to calculate water level predictions at virtual stations (VS) of altimetry satellites. It has been developed for the middle Odra River basin, where 8 VS of the Sentinel-3A satellite have been selected. The system is based on a Vector Autoregressive Model, which is utilized to issue water level prognoses for gauge stations. The forecasts are later transferred to the neighbouring VS using (1) linear regression (vertical shift) updated whenever a new satellite measurement is available, as well as (2) flow velocity estimates (temporal shift), calculated hourly for each prediction. The system operates in real-time and its results are presented on the AltHydro map portal (http://althydro.uwr.edu.pl/). The accuracy assessment can only be based on nadir (Sentinel-3A) and wide-swath (SWOT) altimetry observations, as these are the only water level measurements available for the virtual stations. In this study we used the system to forecast water levels during the flood in September 2024 in SW Poland. A good accuracy of the AltHydro progoses was observed, with absolute error values ranging from 4 to 45 cm for forecasts with a lead time of 24 hours.

Abstract:

In temperate areas, small watercourses, especially agricultural ditches, are typically surrounded by seasonally changing vegetation, which significantly influences hydrodynamic and ecological processes within and around the channel. However, research on how different vegetation maintenance practices affect flow and mixing processes at the reach scale remains limited. Addressing this knowledge gap requires a series of field experiments conducted under varying flow and vegetation conditions, along with a simple and accessible method for vegetation characterisation. This study evaluates the efficiency of RGB drone imagery in mapping riverine vegetation using OBIA classifiers. For low vegetation coverage, SVM combined with Haralick textural features provided the best results, while for high vegetation, SVM combined with DEM delivered the best classification outcomes.

Abstract:

Rivers continually alter their planform due to natural processes and human activities, affecting their morphology and the enclosing ecosystems. Understanding these changes is crucial for managing water resources, floods, and conservation efforts. In this study, we use satellite-derived indices, including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI), to assess sediment deposition, erosion, sinuosity variations, and riparian vegetation shifts over a 40-year period (1984–2024). Using Google Earth Engine, we analyze river morphology and vegetation changes, providing insights into environmental and anthropogenic influences on the Vistula River and its sub-reaches. This watercourse was selected for its historical significance and susceptibility to urban pressures, and to test the approach proposed here. Preliminary results reveal key trends in river morphology and vegetation dynamics, emphasizing the importance of remote sensing in large-scale river monitoring. This research contributes to broader efforts to understand climate-driven changes in river planforms, with future studies aiming to improve accuracy through higher-resolution data and field validation.

Abstract:

The primary focus of the presented work is an analysis of the specific impacts on flood hazard maps developed for Polish conditions. Long-term sediment transport and climate change are considered. The computational methodology employed is based on geoprocessing, simulations, and automated computations. The results obtained underline the importance of both factors and indicate potential interrelations between them.

Abstract:

Today, it is crucial to fully understand the actions that water distribution network managers must take toward sustainability. Sustainable management in any activity related to the urban water cycle will be related to the responsible and efficient use and control of the network to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. To this end, various actions are proposed to take the network from the line to the circle.

Abstract:

In September 2024, southwestern Poland was struck by one of the most intense floods in recent years. The main causes of the disaster were prolonged, torrential rains that occurred between 13 and 15 September, with daily totals locally exceeding 300 mm—several times above multi-month precipitation norms. The flood primarily affected the Odra River basin, and the resulting flood wave caused alarm levels to be exceeded on numerous water-courses. Retention reservoirs and dry polders played a key role in flood mitigation, including the Racibórz Dolny reservoir, the Buków polder, and the cascade of reservoirs on the Nysa Kłodzka River, which collectively retained significant volumes of flood-water, helping to prevent more severe damage in cities such as Wrocław.
     Despite these efforts, the flood had serious consequences: 9 fatalities, more than 238,000 people affected, estimated damages exceeding PLN 13 billion, and widespread destruction of infrastructure. The flood had fluvial and pluvial characteristics and was accompanied by failures of hydrotechnical infrastructure. In most cases, the extent of flooded areas corresponded to zones outlined on flood hazard maps; however, in some locations (e.g., Głuchołazy, Stronie Śląskie), events occurred beyond previously anticipated scenarios. The findings from this analysis will inform the update of the flood risk assessment as part of the third planning cycle.

Abstract:

Flooding is one of the most challenging weather-induced risks in urban areas, due both to the typically high exposures in terms of people, buildings and infrastructures, and to the uncertainties lying in the modelling of the involved physical processes.
     In the last decades, European cities are increasingly facing challenges associated with urban sustainability and urban water issues.
     Floods are normally a consequence of extreme rainfall events, but they can also happen because of infrastructure failures. Climate change also leads to flood risk increase, due to hydrological alterations, including changing patterns of precipitation and rising sea levels.
     Hazard and risk assessment is an essential issue in the reduction of adverse effects of extreme events. Here, the term “hazard” refers to the occurrence probability of a potentially damaging event, while the term “risk” refers to the extent of consequent damages and losses. Several procedures, less or more detailed, are available in scientific literature for the assessment of hazard and risk maps, in most cases designed to provide maps or charts from the combination of probabilistic analysis of historical records and geographic information knowledge. In many countries, standard procedures are also available, mainly for planning purposes.
     The European Directive 2007/60/EC (Flood Directive) establishes the framework for the assessment and the management of flood risks. A crucial tool for the achievement of these objectives is the preparation of flood hazard and flood risk maps. This activity calls for an active involvement of all the stakeholders in developing flood risk management plans.

Abstract:

The term “river health” was introduced at the end of the second millennium and applied to assessing river conditions. It was seen as analogous to human health, offering the general public a better understanding of ecological challenges in freshwater systems. However, it was unclear how rivers’ physical, chemical, and biological characteristics may be integrated into conservation or restoration measures. In this respect, other definitions closer to water management purposes sound more appealing, e.g., a healthy river ecosystem is one “that is sustainable and resilient, maintaining its ecological structure and function over time while continuing to meet societal needs and expectations”. In the EU context, the similarity, in a sense, but focused on the river term “good ecological status”, has been defined and forms a central point of the Water Framework Directive.

Abstract:

Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) measure the relative velocity between the instrument and a group of scatterers in the water column by transmitting acoustic pulses along multiple beams that point in different directions and measure the Doppler shift of the acoustic signal that is scattered back towards the instrument in each beam. There exists a large and diverse set of applications for ADCPs—each of the applications can benefit from different instrument configurations and tradeoffs.

Abstract:

Many studies investigating hydrodynamics and mixing in vegetated channels simplify vegetation by modelling stems (e.g., reeds) as arrays of cylinders. This study explores more realistic plant geometries, which include stems, branches, and leaves, through solute tracing experiments.

Abstract:

This study investigates the influence of the calibration procedure on projections of surface water temperature in lowland lakes using the air2water model, which relies exclusively on daily air temperature as input. The analysis encompasses 22 Polish lowland lakes in the temperate climate zone, with surface areas ranging from 1.5 km² to 115 km², and maximum depths ranging from 2.5 m to 70 m. Projections were derived using 14 EURO-CORDEX climate models and 12 optimization algorithms.